The clearest candidate for America’s favourite fairy story could be The Great Wizard of Oz. The writer L. Frank Baum set the novel, printed in 1900, in a fantasy land that shares core American values: self-sufficiency, private reinvention, the exploration of wider frontiers. The ebook’s younger heroine, Dorothy, is whisked away to Oz, the place she befriends magical creatures, thwarts a witch, and leans on her newfound energy and associates so as to return residence. For Dorothy, it’s a land of empowerment and chance; for Baum—who perpetuated manifest future’s warped beliefs in his different writings—and his many readers, it was an otherworldly illustration of the American expanse, a spot they maybe needed to see for themselves.
Baum’s novel and its sequels had been main literary phenomena of their day. However Ozpersists primarily via the books’ many diversifications, which established the collection’ enduring iconography. Baum’s world is finest remembered because it has appeared on-screen, particularly within the 1939 musical movie starring Judy Garland as Dorothy: a spot bursting with songs resembling “Over the Rainbow” and visuals such because the yellow brick street, which have develop into the franchise’s most memorable options. And with The Great Wizard of Oz’s 1956 entry into the general public area, permitting for brand spanking new, noncanonical works, subsequent generations have iterated on these hallmarks to inform Ozstories of their very own.
No transformation has been extra important to Ozs longevity than Depraved, the revisionist origin story of the Depraved Witch of the West, considered one of Baum’s most recognizable villains. Based mostly on the writer Gregory Maguire’s 1995 novel of the identical identify, Depraved’s prominence is up there with that of its supply textual content, and yesterday’s launch of the primary a part of the musical’s extremely anticipated movie adaptation will undoubtedly broaden its attain. Key to Depraved’s success—and its capacity to bridge Ozs previous and future—is its canny understanding of what, precisely, makes that world work so effectively.
Artists throughout genres and mediums have, for many years, discovered nice storytelling potential in Baum’s characters and mythology. However the mode that Ozhas continued to lend itself to finest is musical theater, a style predicated on suspension of disbelief and thus effectively suited to conveying Ozs odd earnestness. The Wizard of Oz’s 1903 Broadway musical debut was a success, firing up calls for for extra tales, which prompted Baum to put in writing a complete of 13 sequels to his ebook.
The Garland movie, impressed partly by the success of the musical, cemented Ozs connection to music, but it surely was The Wiz that introduced it again to the theater, in 1974. The latter was the franchise’s first majorly reenvisioned entry, a celebration of Black tradition that took Dorothy’s story to the Nineteen Seventies. Throughout its four-year run on Broadway, The Wiz earned a number of Tony wins; the (much less well-received) movie adaptation notably starred the then-superstars Diana Ross and Michael Jackson as Dorothy and the Scarecrow, respectively. The Wiz confirmed that Baum’s novel could possibly be efficiently reinterpreted inside a up to date body, and its story and characters up to date accordingly. This transposition didn’t sacrifice the core imagery and themes—Dorothy nonetheless fights off flying monkeys and dons magic slippers to make it again residence—however as a substitute retained and even grew their cultural energy.
Ozhasn’t translated as effectively into dramatic, adult-oriented settings, regardless of quite a few writers’ and filmmakers’ efforts. The 1985 Disney movie Return to Oz reintroduced the world by using lesser-known characters from Baum’s later books; though it exhibited Ozs compelling peculiarities, resembling sentient furnishings and disembodied human heads, it was a essential and box-office failure, deemed too darkish for younger viewers. Science-fiction authors together with Robert Heinlein, Philip José Farmer, and even Stephen King wrote tales incorporating Ozthat acquired blended critiques. The Syfy miniseries Tin Man and NBC’s one-season flop Emerald Metropolis additionally principally didn’t resonate. Solely Maguire’s Depraved: The Life and Occasions of the Depraved Witch of the West—a story laden with adultery, homicide, and slavery—has taken maintain of the favored creativeness. Depraved has develop into the modern Oztext, maybe even superseding Baum’s work: It carries ahead the unique novels’ mixture of campy magic and violent spectacle whereas bringing in trendy literary themes. Maguire’s largest change was recasting Baum’s antagonist because the antihero, reframing an easy villain as a girl misunderstood by her friends—an expertise probably extra related to immediately’s readers than Dorothy’s easier story of fine versus evil.
Depraved used Ozs whimsy and weirdness to deepen Baum’s seemingly unambiguous world, one strictly divided between proper and flawed. The essential premise was a strong one: What if the Depraved Witch of the West wasn’t so unhealthy in spite of everything, and what if the Wizard—and the seemingly good society he oversaw—was the actual menace? In his retelling, Maguire, an Ozfan since childhood, named Baum’s one-dimensional and green-skinned villain Elphaba Thropp; he additionally gave her a sophisticated parentage, a soapy romantic arc, and a dorm room. She attended Shiz College alongside a various unfold of colourful, slang-talking Ozians. And, growing a darker facet to Baum’s fanciful creation, Maguire additionally gave Elphaba a political motivation for wreaking havoc on her homeland: the oppression of its speaking animals. However Maguire’s most necessary addition was the faculty friendship between Elphaba and Glinda the Good Witch (one of many Depraved Witch’s sworn enemies in Baum’s novel); the musical turns that bond into its emotional core.
The 2003 Broadway adaptation lent a number of the Garland-led movie’s sparkle to Maguire’s story and made it acceptable for an all-ages viewers. By foregrounding Elphaba and Glinda’s relationship, the musical emphasised Baum’s thematic curiosity in friendship and self-discovery. Theatergoers may relate to Glinda’s perkiness and longing for reputation and Elphaba’s fish-out-of-water awkwardness the identical means they may, in watching The Wizard of Oz or studying Baum’s novel, think about themselves in Dorothy’s footwear, looking for residence. By simplifying Maguire’s plot, the musical higher captured the fairy-tale feeling of Baum’s novel. Since its opening, its enchantment has proved common—Depraved has develop into the second-highest-grossing Broadway musical of all time.
Its success has additionally translated offstage in a very generative style. Depraved is now the jumping-off level for quite a few fanworks—a meta improvement, as a result of the present itself is a fanwork of a fanwork. Fan fiction primarily based on the musical has develop into a style unto itself; many works think about a queer relationship between Elphaba and Glinda. Showstoppers resembling Glinda’s bubbly “Standard” and Elphaba’s anthemic “Defying Gravity” are well-orchestrated articulations of the present’s ethos, inspiring novice {and professional} renditions alike. Enamored artists and theatergoers typically reimagine and revisit Depraved, as do budding Broadway lovers who haven’t attended an in-person manufacturing: An abundance of bootleg recordings has made Depraved considered one of musical theater’s most accessible entry factors. It’s additionally a gateway into the broader world of Oz. Depraved and its personal iterations—together with its long-awaited movie adaptation, which has already develop into a cultural occasion—work for a similar causes Baum’s authentic story did: They conjure a world that’s buoyant, relatable, and unforgettable.
While you purchase a ebook utilizing a hyperlink on this web page, we obtain a fee. Thanks for supporting The Atlantic.